Ms SPENDER (Wentworth) (14:42): My question is to the Prime Minister. Radical extremism—Islamist and other forms—is a threat to Jewish Australians and all Australians, as we saw so devastatingly in Bondi on 14 December. We have had deradicalisation programs in place for many years, but extremism is still taking root. How does the government measure the current effectiveness of these deradicalisation programs, and how effective are these programs at all? We have the Richardson review and part of the royal commission coming up, but is the government planning to take any other actions in terms of deradicalisation in particular before then?

Mr ALBANESE (Grayndler—Prime Minister) (14:43): I thank the member for Wentworth for her question, and I praise her unreservedly for her role as a local member in what has been a devastating time for her local community—not just the Jewish community. Bondi is such an iconic place, and the local member has shown extraordinary leadership and capacity, in my view, and I thank her for that.

I will ask the minister to supplement, but I would say that radical Islamic extremism is a major problem. We know that that is the case. We know that hate preachers can cause a real problem in distorting Islam and creating a circumstance where people are full of hate, and we saw an expression of hate motivated by ISIS, an ideology that isn't about any state; it is about an Islamic caliphate around the world. Often this is difficult, as the examples come from what is a father and son—it's much more difficult to detect. As the ASIO director-general has reported, a big threat is sole actors, an individual actor. In this case, a father and son discussing these things over the dinner table or in private quarters—not engaging in electronic measures, communication that can be detected—means that it is much more difficult. But the government has a range of programs. That is certainly something, as well, that the Richardson review will look at. I'll ask the minister to supplement.

Mr BURKE (Watson—Minister for the Arts, Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Cyber Security, Minister for Immigration and Citizenship and Leader of the House) (14:45): Thanks, Prime Minister. The counterterrorism and violent extremism strategy was released again last year, where we reviewed the different programs that we run. They're important programs, and there is regular measuring of them. The challenge we have is that terrorism itself is changing as well.

If I give, simply, these statistics: as of a couple of days ago, since 2014, we've had 189 people charged as a result of counterterrorism operations. Right now we have 35 people who are currently before the courts. Eighteen of the 35 are children. So what we used to have to monitor in terms of organised cells of people, often in their 20s and 30s, is very different now. In terms of the ideology, we are getting mixed ideologies. We're getting seriously mixed ideologies. You'll have someone, for example, whose ideology will be a mixture of Nazism, the sort of radicalisation that you've just described, and environmentalism. This will all be mixed up where the only common theme is violence. That does mean that, for our agencies, the threat now is more complex. People are radicalising younger and faster and predominantly online.